While I am trying to develop behavioural measures of presence, or least promote the use of multiple tools, the main idea is to avoid questionnaires because they are not reliable (Kukshinov et al. 2024) and likely do not measure presence but rather the factors of presence. Plus, they do not account for its non-continuous dynamic nature.

There are more than 30 established presence questionnaires that often are based on different conceptualizations of presence, and include different dimensions.

See:

Kukshinov, E., Tu, J., Szita, K., Senthil Nathan, K., and Nacke, L. E. (2024). “Never The Same”: Systematic Analysis of the Methodological Issues in the Presence Studies That Employ Questionnaires. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’24), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA,  Article 8, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651074

Eugene Kukshinov, Joseph Tu, Kata Szita, Kaushall Senthil Nathan, Lennart E Nacke, Widespread yet Unreliable: A Systematic Analysis of the Use of Presence Questionnaires, Interacting with Computers, 2025;, iwae064, https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwae064